Botany online - The Internet Hypertextbook

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Introduction

• Botany: The History of a Science
  
  • Ernst MAYR: The Autonomy of Biology
• How to Identify Plants - Important Features of Flowering Plants

Anatomy of Cells and Tissues

• Microscopy
  
• Looking at the Structures of Cells and Tissues in the Microscope
  
• Dermal Tissues, Parenchyma and Assimilation Tissues
  
• Supporting Tissues - Vascular Tissues
  
• H. G. RICHTER and M. J. DALLWITZ:
  Commercial timbers: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval
• A Short Introduction to the Principal Intracellular Structures

Classic Genetics

• Classic Genetics: Mendel and Earlier Works
  
  • Gregor MENDEL: Experiments in Plant Hybridization
• Cytology. Fertilization, Division of Cell and Nucleus, Chromosomes, Meiosis,
  The Chromosome Theory of Heredity (Part I)
  
• A Closer Scrutiny on Mendelís Laws - Mutations
  
• Chromosomes - The Chromosome Theory, Part II
  
• Chromosomal Numbers. Translocations and their Consequences
  
• The Behaviour of Genes in Populations: the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
  
• The End of an Epoch - Prospects for New Developments
  
• Cybernetics: Systems, Control, Information And Redundancy

Molecules and Molecular Reactions in Plant Cells

To see 3D structures you need to install a CHIME Plugin

• Ions and Small Molecules
  
• Macromolecules
  
• Physical and Chemical Preconditions of Biochemical Reactions: Enzyme Catalysis
  • EC Nomenclature - Complete List of all known Enzymes
• The Cell's Basic Metabolism
  
  • C. A. REBEIZ: Heme and Chlorophyll a and b Biosynthetic Pathways - Topics of the Greening Process
• The Secondary Metabolism of Plants: Secondary Defence Compounds
  
• Molecular Genetics: The Genetic Code, Transcription, Translation (Protein Biosynthesis) and Replication
  
• Membranes: Diffusion, Permeability, Osmosis, Turgor, Active and Passive Transport
  
• Different Membranes - Compartments and Their Significance
  
• Photosynthesis
  • R. BERGMANN: Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate Carboxylase -
    Structure and Reaction Mechanisn (interactive files)
• The Cytosceleton and Intracellular Movements
  
• The Cell Wall

Intercellular Communication

• Interactions between Cells
  
• Growth, Differentiation, Pattern Formation and Translocation
  
  • H. MEINHARDT: Biological pattern formation: How cell talk with each other to achieve reproducible pattern formation
  • P. PRUSINKIEWICZ, M. HAMEL, and R. MECH: Visual Models of Morphogenesis: A Guided Tour
  • P. COOPER: Lindenmayer Systems * LSystems program written in Java
  • G. OCHOA: An Introduction to Lindenmayer Systems
  • G. THEISSEN 's Research Group: The MADS-box Gene Home Page
• Protoplasts and Tissue Cultures as Models for the Study of Plant Development
  
• Plant Responses to Light: Phototaxis, Photomorphogenesis, and Photoperiodism
  
• Phytohormones (Plant Hormones) and other Growth Regularors
  
• Growth Movements, Turgor Movements , and Circadian Rhythmics

Interactions between Plants and Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses

• Interactions between Plants and Fungi: the Evolution of their Parasitic and Symbiotic Relations
  
• Interactions of Plants and Bacteria ñ Genetic Engineering
  
• Plant Viruses and Viroids

Evolution

• Evolution: Survey and Open Questions C. DARWIN and His Theory of Selection
  
• CHARLES DARWIN: The Voyage of the Beagle
• CHARLES DARWIN: Origin of Species
• CHARLES DARWIN: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
• Ernst MAYR: Darwin's Influence on Modern Thought
• The Modern Synthesis
  
• Reproductive Isolation and Mechanisms of Reproduction
• Changes on the Molecular Level and its Impacts on the Evolution of Plants
• Selection and Fitness. Definitions and Theory.
  
• How Did Life Evolve? How Did Macromolecules, Metabolic Pathways, and Finally Cells Come into Being?
  
• The Evolution of Energy-Converting Processes: Photosynthesis, The Respiratory Chain - Procaryotes and Eucaryotes - Diversification

The Plant Kingdom: An Overview

• Systematik und Taxonomie: Methoden und Regeln zur Klassifikation von
  • Algen
    
  • Pteridophyta (Farnähnliche Pflanzen und Farne)
    • Hans KERP: A History of Palaeozoic Forests
    • Hans KERP: The Rhynie Chert and its Flora
• Bryophyta (Moose)
  
• Gymnospermae
  
  • Y. OGURA: History of discovery of spermatozoids in Ginkgo biloba and Cycas revoluta
• Angiospermae: Magnoliophytina (Überblick)
  
• Magnoliidae, Hamamelididae, Caryophyllidae
  
• Dilleniidae
  
• Rosidae
  
• Asteridae
  
• Liliopsida - Monokotyledonae (Monokotyledonen)

Ecology

• Ecological Aspects, Ecosystems
  
• Damages as Examples for Disruptions of the Balance of Ecosystems: The Eutrophication of a Lake; Air Pollution; Acid Rain; andForest Damages.
  
• Characteristics of Habitats and Vegetation
  
• Pflanzengesellschaften und Vegetationszonen
  
• Aquatische Ökosysteme

ESSAYS and RELATED PROJECTS

• W. BARTHLOTT, J. MUTKE & G. KIER - BIOMAPS - Biodiversity Mapping
• W. BARTHLOTT, C. NEINHUIS - High resolution scanning electron microscopy of epicuticular waxes and its systematic significance *** Correlation between ultrastructure, wettability and contamination: The Lotus Effect *** Purity of the sacred lotus, or escape from contamination in biological surfaces
• Erhard KRANZ, Petra von WIEGEN, Hartmut QUADER, and Horst LÖRZ - Central cell fertilization and endosperm development in vitro
• K.-P. KELBER: Links for Palaeobotanists