Copyright © 1999 by The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
ELECTRONIC ACTIVITIES (IOSU: In Order of Speed and
Usefulness)
1. "Interactive Study Partner"
CD ROM Quiz (or Campbell web site http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter42/deluxe.html)
2. "Interactive Study Partner"
CD ROM
A. 42.1
Cardiovascular System Structure
B. 42.2
Path of Blood Flow
C. 42.3
Cardiovascular System Function
3. Biology
Place "TestFlight" customized chapter quiz.
4. Campbell (http://www.biology.com/campbell)
Web Destinations (http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter42/deluxe.html)
5. Biology Place (http://www.biology.com/home/home.html)
Select Chapter 42 then click go to search for current activities.
6. Animation of a pumping heart
(http://www.innerbody.com/anim/heart.html)
7. Animation of breathing (http://www.innerbody.com/anim/lungs.html)
OUTLINE
I. Circulation in Animals
A. Transport systems functionally
connect the organs of exchange with the body cells: an overview
B. Most invertebrates have a gastrovascular
cavity or a circulatory system for internal transport
C. Closed cardiovascular systems accommodate
gill breathing or lung breathing in the vertebrates
D. Rhythmic pumping of the mammalian
heart drives blood through pulmonary and systemic circuits
E. Structural differences among the
blood vessels correlate with regional functions of the circulatory system
F. Natural laws governing the movement
of fluids in pipes effect blood flow and blood pressure
G. Transfer of substances between
the blood and the interstitial fluid occurs across the thin walls of capillaries
H. The lymphatic system returns fluid
to the blood and aids in body defense
I. Blood is a connective tissue with
cells suspended in plasma
J. Cardiovascular diseases are the
leading cause of death in the United States and many other developed nations
II. Gas Exchange in Animals
A. Gas exchange supplies oxygen for
cellular respiration and disposes of carbon dioxide: an overview
B. Gills are respiratory adaptations
of most aquatic animals
C. Tracheal systems and lungs are
respiratory adaptations of terrestrial animals
D. Control centers in the brain regulate
the rate and depth of breathing
E. Gases diffuse down pressure gradients
in the lungs and other organs
F. Respiratory pigments transport
gases and help buffer the blood
G. Deep-diving mammals stockpile oxygen
and consume it slowly
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you
should be able to:
1. List the major animal phyla with gastrovascular cavities,
and explain why they do not need a circulatory system.
2. Distinguish between open and closed circulatory systems.
3. Using an arthropod as an example, describe the circulation
of hemolymph.
4. Explain how hemolymph differs from blood.
5. Using an earthworm as an example, describe circulation
of blood, and explain how it exchanges materials with interstitial fluid.
6. List the components of a vertebrate cardiovascular
system.
7. Distinguish between an artery and a vein.
8. Using diagrams, compare and contrast the circulatory
schemes of birds, amphibians, and mammals.
9. Distinguish between pulmonary and systemic circuits,
and explain the function of each.
10. Explain the advantage of double circulation over
a single circuit.
11. Trace a drop of blood through the human heart, listing
the structures it passes through en route.
12. List the four heart valves, describe their location,
and explain their function.
13. Distinguish between systole and diastole.
14. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle, and explain
what causes the first and second heart sounds.
15. Define heart murmur, and explain its cause.
16. Define pulse, and describe the relationship between
size and pulse rate among different mammals.
17. Define cardiac output, and explain how it is affected
by a change in heart rate or stroke volume.
18. Define myogenic, and describe some unique properties
of cardiac muscle which allows it to contract in a coordinated manner.
19. Define pacemaker, and describe the location of two
patches of nodal tissue in the human heart.
20. Describe the origin and pathway of the action potential
(cardiac impulse) in the normal human heart.
21. Explain why it is important that the cardiac impulse
be delayed at the AV node.
22. Explain how the pace of the SA node can be modulated
by sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, changes in temperature, physical
conditioning, and exercise.
23. Compare the structures of arteries and veins, and
explain how differences in their structures are related to differences
in their functions.
24. Describe how capillary structure differs from other
vessels, and explain how this structure relates to its function.
25. Recall the law of continuity, and explain why blood
flow through capillaries is substantially slower than it is through arteries
and veins.
26. Define blood pressure and describe how it is measured.
27. Explain how peripheral resistance and cardiac output
affect blood pressure.
28. Explain how blood returns to the heart, even though
it must travel from the lower extremities against gravity.
29. Define microcirculation and explain how blood flow
through capillary beds is regulated.
30. Explain how osmotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure
regulate the exchange of fluid and solutes across capillaries.
31. Describe the composition of lymph, and explain how
the lymphatic system helps the normal functioning of the circulatory system.
32. Explain why protein deficiency can cause edema.
33. Explain how the lymphatic system helps defend the
body against infection.
34. Explain why vertebrate blood is classified as connective
tissue.
35. List the components of blood and describe a function
for each.
36. Outline the formation of erythrocytes from stem cells
to destruction by phagocytic cells.
37. Outline the sequence of events that occur during
blood clotting, and explain what prevents spontaneous clotting in the absence
of injury.
38. Explain how atherosclerosis affects the arteries.
39. Distinguish between thrombus and embolus; atherosclerosis
and arteriosclerosis; low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and high-density
lipoproteins (HDLs).
40. List the factors that have been correlated with an
increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
41. Describe the general requirements for a respiratory
surface and list the variety of respiratory organs adapted for this purpose.
42. Describe respiratory adaptations of aquatic animals.
43. Describe countercurrent exchange, and explain why
it is more efficient than concurrent flow of water and blood.
44. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of air
as a respiratory medium, and explain how insect tracheal systems are adapted
for efficient gas exchange in a terrestrial environment.
45. For the human respiratory system, describe the movement
of air through air passageways to the alveolus, listing the structures
it must pass through on the journey.
46. Define negative pressure breathing, and explain how
respiratory movements in humans ventilate the lungs.
47. Define the following lung volumes, and give a normal
range of capacities for the human male:
a. Tidal volume
b. Vital capacity
c. Residual volume
48. Explain how breathing is controlled.
49. List three barriers oxygen must cross from the alveolus
into the capillaries, and explain the advantage of having millions of alveoli
in the lungs.
50. Describe how oxygen moves from the alveolus into
the capillary, and explain why a pressure gradient is necessary.
51. Distinguish between hemocyanin and hemoglobin.
52. Describe the structure of hemoglobin, explain the
result of cooperative binding, and state how many oxygen molecules a saturated
hemoglobin molecule can carry.
53. Draw the Hb-oxygen dissociation curve, explain the
significance of its shape, and explain how the affinity of hemoglobin for
oxygen changes with oxygen concentration.
54. Describe the Bohr effect, and explain how the oxygen
dissociation curve shifts with changes in carbon dioxide concentration
and changes in pH.
55. Explain the advantage of the Bohr shift.
56. Describe how carbon dioxide is picked up at the tissues
and deposited in the lungs, describe the role of carbonic anhydrase, and
state the form most of the carbon dioxide is in as it is transported.
57. Explain how hemoglobin acts as a buffer.
58. Describe respiratory adaptations of diving mammals
including the role of myoglobin.
KEY TERMS
alveoli
arteries
arterioles
arteriosclerosis
artherosclerosis
atrioventricular (AV) node
atrioventricular valve
atrium
blood pressure
breathing
breathing
breathing
breathing control centers
bronchi
bronchioles
capillaries
capillary bed
cardiac cycle
cardiac output
cardiovascular disease
cardiovascular system
closed circulatory system
countercurrent exchange
diaphragm
diastole
dissociation curve
double circulation
electrocardiogram
endothelium
erythrocytes
erythropoietin
fibrin
fibrinogen
gas exchange
gills
heart attack
heart rate
hemocyanin
hemoglobin
hemolymph
hemophilia
high-density lipo- proteins (HDLs)
hypertension
larynx
leukocytes
low-density lipo- proteins (LDLs)
lungs
lymph
lymph nodes
lymphatic system
myoglobin
negative pressure
open circulatory system
pacemaker
parabronchi
partial pressure
peripheral resistance
plasma
platelets
pluripotent stem cells
positive pressure
pulmonary circuit
pulse
red blood cells
residual volume
respiratory medium
respiratory pigments
respiratory surface
semilunar valves
sinoatrial (SA) node
sinuses
stroke
stroke volume
systemic circuit
systole
thrombus
tidal volume
trachea
tracheal system
veins
ventilation
ventricles
venules
vital capacity
vocal cords
white blood cells