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ELECTRONIC ACTIVITIES (IOSU: In Order of Speed and Usefulness)
    1. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM Quiz (or Campbell web site http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter43/deluxe.html)
    2. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM
        A. 43.1 Immune Responses
        B. 43.2 HIV Reproductive Cycle
    3. Biology Place "TestFlight" customized chapter quiz.
    4. Campbell (http://www.biology.com/campbell) Web Destinations (http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter43/deluxe.html)
    5. Biology Place (http://www.biology.com/home/home.html) Select Chapter 43 then click go to search for current activities.
    6. CDC statistics on HIV/AIDS (http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/hiv_aids/stats/trends98.pdf)

OUTLINE
I. Nonspecific Defenses Against Infection
    A. The skin and mucous membranes provide first-line barriers to infection
    B. Phagocytic cells, inflammation, and antimicrobial proteins function early in infection
II. How Specific Immunity Arises
    A. Lymphocytes provide the specificity and diversity of the immune system
    B. Antigens interact with specific lymphocytes, inducing immune responses and immunological memory
    C. Lymphocyte development gives rise to an immune system that distinguishes self from nonself
III. Immune Responses
    A. Helper T lymphocytes function in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
    B. In the cell-mediated response, cytotoxic T cells defend against intracellular pathogens
    C. In the humoral response, B cells produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens
IV. Immunity in Health and Disease
    A. Immunity can be achieved naturally or artificially
    B. The immune system's capacity to distinguish self from nonself limits blood transfusion and transplantation
    C. Abnormal immune function can lead to disease
    D. Invertebrates have a rudimentary immune system

OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you should be able to:
1. Explain what is meant by nonspecific defense, and list the nonspecific lines of defense in the vertebrate body.
2. Explain how the physical barrier of skin is reinforced by chemical defenses.
3. Define phagocytosis, and list two types of phagocytic cells derived from white blood cells.
4. Explain how the function of natural killer cells differs from the function of phagocytes.
5. Describe the inflammatory response including how it is triggered.
6. Explain how the inflammatory response prevents the spread of infection to surrounding tissue.
7. List several chemical signals that initiate and mediate the inflammatory response.
8. Describe several systemic reactions to infection, and explain how they contribute to defense.
9. Describe a plausible mechanism for how interferons can fight viral infections and might act against cancer.
10. Explain how complement proteins may be activated and how they function in cooperation with other defense mechanisms.
11. Explain how the immune response differs from nonspecific defenses.
12. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
13. Explain how humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity differ in their defensive activities.
14. Outline the development of B and T lymphocytes from stem cells in red bone marrow.
15. Describe where T and B cells migrate, and explain what happens when they are activated by antigens.
16. Characterize antigen molecules, in general, and explain how a single antigen molecule may stimulate the immune system to produce several different antibodies.
17. Describe the mechanism of clonal selection.
18. Distinguish between primary and secondary immune response.
19. Describe the cellular basis for immunological memory.
20. Describe the cellular basis for self-tolerance.
21. Explain how the humoral response is provoked.
22. Explain how B cells are activated.
23. Diagram and label the structure of an antibody, and explain how this structure allows antibodies to perform the following functions:
    a. Recognize and bind to antigens
    b. Assist in destruction and elimination of antigens
24. Distinguish between variable (V) regions and constant (C) regions of an antibody molecule.
25. Compare and contrast the structure and function of an enzyme's active site and an antibody's antigen-binding site.
26. List the five major classes of antibodies in mammals and distinguish among them.
27. Describe the following effector mechanisms of humoral immunity triggered by the formation of antigen-antibody complexes:
    a. Neutralization
    b. Agglutination
    c. Precipitation
    d. Activation of complement system
28. Explain how monoclonal antibodies are produced and give examples of current and potential medical uses.
29. Explain how T-cell receptors recognize "self" and how macrophages, B cells, and some T cells recognize one another in interactions.
30. Describe an antigen-presenting cell (APC).
31. Design a flow chart describing the sequence of events that follows the interaction between antigen presenting macrophages and helper T cells, including both cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
32. Define cytokine, and distinguish between interleukin I and interleukin II.
33. Distinguish between T-independent antigens and T-dependent antigens.
34. Describe how cytotoxic T cells recognize and kill their targets.
35. Explain how the function of cytotoxic T cells differs from that of complement and natural killer cells.
36. Describe the function of suppressor T cells.
37. Distinguish between complement's classical and alternative activation pathways.
38. Describe the process of opsonization.
39. For ABO blood groups, list all possible combinations for donor and recipient in blood transfusions; indicate which combinations would cause an immune response in the recipient; and state which blood type is the universal donor.
40. Explain how the immune response to Rh factor differs from the response to A and B blood antigens.
41. Describe the potential problem of Rh incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus, and explain what precautionary measures may be taken.
42. Explain why, other than with identical twins, it is virtually impossible for two people to have identical MHC markers.
43. Describe the rejection process of transplanted tissue in terms of normal cell-mediated immune response, and describe how the immune system can be suppressed in transplant patients.
44. List some known autoimmune disorders, and describe possible mechanisms of autoimmunity.
45. Explain why immunodeficient individuals are more susceptible to cancer than normal individuals.
46. Describe an allergic reaction including the role of IgE, mast cells, and histamine.
47. Explain what causes anaphylactic shock and how it can be treated.
48. Recall the infectious agent that causes AIDS and explain how it weakens the immune system.
49. Explain how AIDS is transmitted and why it is difficult to produce vaccines to protect uninfected individuals.
50. Describe what it means to be HIV-positive.
51. Explain how general health and mental well being might affect the immune system.

KEY TERMS
acquired immuno-deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
active immunity
agglutination
anaphylactic shock
antibodies
antigen presentation
antigen receptors
antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
antigens
B lymphocytes (B cells)
basophils
CD4
CD8
cell-mediated immunity
chemokines
Class I MHC
Class II MHC
clonal selection
complement fixation
complement system
cytokines
cytotoxic T cells (TC )
effector cells
eosinophils
epitope
graft versus host reaction
heavy chains
helper T cells (TH )
histamine
HIV-positive
human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)
humoral immunity
immune adherence
immunization
immunoglobulins (Ig)
inflammatory response
interferon
interleukin-1 (IL-1)
interleukin-2 (IL-2)
light chains
lysozyme
macrophages
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
mast cells
membrane attack complex (MAC)
memory cells
monoclonal antibodies
natural killer cells
neutralization
opportunistic diseases
opsonization
passive immunity
perforin
phagocytosis
plasma cells
primary immune response
prostaglandins
pyrogens
Rh factor
secondary immune response
suppressor T cells (TS)
T cell receptors
T lymphocytes (T cells)
target cell
T-dependent antigens
T-independent antigens
transfusion reaction
tumor antigen
vaccination