Copyright © 1999 by The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
ELECTRONIC ACTIVITIES (IOSU: In Order of
Speed and Usefulness)
1. "Interactive Study
Partner" CD ROM Quiz (or Campbell web site http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter44/deluxe.html)
2. "Interactive Study
Partner" CD ROM
A. 44.1 Structure of the Excretory System
B. 44.2 Nephron Function
C. 44.3 Control of Water Reabsorption
3. Biology
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4. Campbell (http://www.biology.com/campbell)
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5. Biology Place (http://www.biology.com/home/home.html)
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OUTLINE
I. Regulation of Body Temperature
A. Four physical processes account
for heat gain or loss
B. Ectotherms derive body heat mainly
from their surroundings; endotherms derive it mainly from metabolism
C. Thermoregulation involves physiological
and behavioral adjustments
D. Most animals are ectothermic, but
endothermy is widespread
E. Torpor conserves energy during
environmental extremes
II. Water Balance and Waste Disposal
A. Water balance and waste disposal
depend on transport epithelia
B. An animal's nitrogenous wastes
are correlated with its phylogeny and habitat
C. Cells require a balance between
osmotic gain and loss of water
D. Osmoregulators expend energy to
control their internal osmolarity; osmoconformers are isoosmotic with their
surroundings
III. Excretory Systems
A. Most excretory systems produce
urine by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids: an overview
B. Diverse excretory systems are variations
on a tubular theme
C. Nephrons and associated blood vessels
are the functional units of the mammalian kidney
D. From blood filtrate to urine: a
closer look
E. The mammalian kidney's ability
to conserve water is a key terrestrial adaptation
F. Nervous and hormonal feedback circuits
regulate
kidney functions
G. Diverse adaptations of the vertebrate
kidney have evolved
H. Interacting regulatory systems
maintain homeostasis
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you
should be able to:
1. Distinguish between osmoregulators and osmoconformers.
2. Discuss the problems that marine organisms, freshwater
organisms, and terrestrial organisms face in maintaining homeostasis, and
explain what osmoregulatory adaptations serve as solutions to these problems.
3. Explain the role of transport epithelia in osmoregulation.
4. Describe how a flame-bulb (protonephridial) excretory
system functions.
5. Explain how the metanephridial excretory tubule of
annelids functions, and describe any structural advances over a protonephridial
system.
6. Explain how the Malpighian tubule excretory system
contributed to the success of insects in the terrestrial environment.
7. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of
each structure in the mammalian excretory system.
8. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of
each part of the nephron.
9. Describe and show the relationship among the processes
of filtration, secretion, and reabsorption.
10. Explain the significance of the fact that juxtamedullary
nephrons are only found in birds and mammals.
11. Explain how the loop of Henle enhances water conservation
by the kidney.
12. Describe the mechanisms involved in the hormonal
regulation of the kidney.
13. Describe structural and physiological adaptations
in the kidneys of non-mammalian species that allow them to osmoregulate
in different environments.
14. Explain the correlation between the type of nitrogenous
waste produced (ammonia, urea, or uric acid) by an organism and its habitat.
15. Describe the adaptive advantages of endothermy.
16. Discuss the four general categories of physiological
and behavioral adjustments used by land mammals to maintain relatively
constant body temperatures.
17. Distinguish between the two thermoregulatory centers
of the hypothalamus.
18. Describe the thermoregulatory adaptations found in
animals other than terrestrial mammals.
19. Describe several mechanisms for physiological acclimatization
to new temperature ranges.
20. Distinguish between hibernation and aestivation.
KEY TERMS
acclimatization
afferent arteriole
aldosterone
ammonia
angiotensin II
anhydrobiosis
antidiuretic hormone
atrial natriuretic factor
Bowman's capsule
brown fat
collecting duct
conduction
convection
cortical nephrons
countercurrent heat exchanger
distal tubule
ectotherm
efferent arteriole
endotherm
estivation
euryhaline
evaporation
excretion
filtration
glomerulus
heat-shock proteins
hibernation
juxtaglomerular apparatus
juxtamedullary nephrons
loop of Henle
Malpighian tubules
metanephridium
nephron
nonshivering thermogenesis
osmoconformer
osmolarity
osmoregulation
peritubular capillaries
podocytes
protonephridium
proximal tubule
radiation
reabsorption
renal artery
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal vein
renin
renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system
secretion
stenohaline
stress-induced proteins
thermoregulation
torpor
transport epithelium
ureter
urethra
uric acid
urinary bladder
vasa recta
vasoconstriction osmoregulator
vasodilation