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ELECTRONIC ACTIVITIES (IOSU: In Order of Speed and Usefulness)
    1. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM Quiz (or Campbell web site http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter45/deluxe.html)
    2. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM
        A. 45.1 Peptide Hormone Action
        B. 45.2 Steroid Hormone Action
        C. 45.3 Endocrine Glands and Hormones
    3. Biology Place "TestFlight" customized chapter quiz.
    4. Campbell (http://www.biology.com/campbell) Web Destinations (http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter45/deluxe.html)
    5. Biology Place (http://www.biology.com/home/home.html) Select Chapter 45 then click go to search for current activities.

OUTLINE
I. An Introduction to Regulatory Systems
    A. The endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally, chemically, and functionally related
    B. Invertebrate regulatory systems clearly illustrate endocrine and nervous system interactions
II. Chemical Signals and Their Modes of Action
    A. A variety of local regulators affect neighboring target cells
    B. Chemical signals bind to specific receptor proteins within target cells or on their surface
    C. Most chemical signals bind to plasma-membrane proteins, initiating signal-transduction pathways
    D. Steroid hormones, thyroid hormones, and some local regulators enter target cells and bind with intracellular receptors
III. The Vertebrate Endocrine System
    A. The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system
    B. The pineal gland is involved in biorhythms
    C. Thyroid hormones function in development, bioenergetics, and homeostasis
    D. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin balance blood calcium
    E. Endocrine tissues of the pancreas secrete insulin and glucagon, antagonistic hormones that regulate blood glucose
    F. The adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex help the body manage stress
    G. Gonadal steroids regulate growth, development, reproductive cycles, and sexual behavior.
OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you should be able to:
1. Compare the response times of the two major systems of internal communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system.
2. On the basis of structure and function, distinguish among types of chemical messengers.
3. Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands.
4. Describe the relationships among endocrine system components: hormones, endocrine glands, target cells, and target cell receptors.
5. List the general chemical classes of hormones and give examples of each.
6. Explain how pheromone function differs from hormone function.
7. Provide indirect evidence that humans may communicate with pheromones.
8. State which of the two classes of hormones is lipid soluble, and explain how this property affects hormone function.
9. Describe the mechanism of steroid hormone action, and explain the location and role of
steroid hormone receptors.
10. Explain how to account for specificity in target cell response to hormonal signals.
11. Compare and contrast the two general modes of hormone action.
12. Describe hormonal regulation of insect development including the roles of ecdysone, brain hormone, and juvenile hormone.
13. Describe the location of the hypothalamus, and explain how its hormone-releasing cells differ from both endocrine gland secretory cells and other neurons.
14. Describe the location of the pituitary, and explain the functions of the posterior and anterior lobes.
15. List the posterior pituitary hormones, and describe their effects on target organs.
16. Using antidiuretic hormone as an example, explain how a hormone contributes to homeostasis and how negative feedback can control hormone levels.
17. Define tropic hormone, and describe the functions of tropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.
18. Explain how the anterior pituitary is controlled.
19. List hormones of the thyroid gland, and explain their role in development and metabolism.
20. Diagram the negative feedback loop which regulates the secretion of thyroid hormones.
21. State the location of the parathyroid glands, and describe hormonal control of calcium homeostasis.
22. Distinguish between a and b cells in the pancreas and explain how their antagonistic hormones (insulin and glucagon) regulate carbohydrate metabolism.
23. List hormones of the adrenal medulla, describe their function, and explain how their secretion is controlled.
24. List hormones of the adrenal cortex, describe their function, and explain how their secretion is controlled.
25. Describe both the short-term and long-term endocrine responses to stress.
26. Identify male and female gonads, and list the three categories of gonadal steroids.
27. Define gonadotropin, and explain how estrogen and androgen synthesis is controlled.
28. Describe the location of the pineal and thymus glands, list their hormone products, and describe their functions.
29. Explain how the endocrine and nervous systems are structurally, chemically, and functionally related.

KEY TERMS
adrenal cortex
adrenal glands
adrenal medulla
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
alpha (a) cells
androgen
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
beta (b) cells
brain hormone (BH)
calcitonin
catecholamines
corticosteroids
ecdysone
endocrine glands
endocrine system
endorphins
epinephrine
estrogen
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
glucagon
glucocorticoids
gonadotropins
growth factors
growth hormone (GH)
hormone
hypothalamus
inhibiting hormones
insulin
insulinlike growth factors (IGFs)
islets of Langerhans
juvenile hormone (JH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
melatonin
mineralocorticoids
neurosecretory cells
nitric oxide
norepinephrine
pancreas
parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
pineal gland
pituitary gland
posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
progestins
prolactin (PRL)
prostaglandins (PGs)
releasing hormones
signal-transduction pathways
target cells
testosterone
thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
thyroxine (T4 )
triiodothyronine (T3 )
tropic hormones
type I diabetes mellitus
type II diabetes mellitus