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ELECTRONIC ACTIVITIES (IOSU: In Order of Speed and Usefulness)
    1. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM Quiz (or Campbell web site http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter46/deluxe.html)
    2. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM
        A. 46.1 Male Reproductive System of the Human
        B. 46.2 Female Reproductive System of the Human
    3. Biology Place "TestFlight" customized chapter quiz.
    4. Campbell (http://www.biology.com/campbell) Web Destinations (http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter46/deluxe.html)
    5. Biology Place (http://www.biology.com/home/home.html) Select Chapter 46 then click go to search for current activities.

OUTLINE
I. Overview of Animal Reproduction
    A. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in the animal kingdom
    B. Diverse means of asexual reproduction enable animals to produce identical offspring rapidly
    C. Reproductive cycles and patterns vary extensively among animals
II. Mechanisms of Sexual Reproduction
    A. Internal and external fertilization both depend on mechanisms ensuring that mature sperm encounter fertile eggs of the same species
    B. Species with internal fertilization usually produce fewer zygotes but provide more parental protection than species with external fertilization
    C. Complex reproductive systems have evolved in many animal phyla
III. Mammalian Reproduction
    A. Human reproduction involves intricate anatomy and complex behavior
    B. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involve meiosis but differ in three significant ways
    C. A complex interplay of hormones regulates reproduction
    D. Embryonic and fetal development occur during pregnancy in humans and other eutherian (placental) mammals
    E. Modern technology offers solutions for some reproductive problems

OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you should be able to:
1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.
2. List and describe four forms of asexual reproduction.
3. Explain how asexual reproduction may be advantageous for a population of organisms living in a stable, favorable environment.
4. Explain the advantages of sexual reproduction.
5. Explain the importance of reproductive cycles.
6. Distinguish among parthenogenesis, hermaphroditism, and sequential hermaphroditism.
7. Describe three mechanisms which increase the probability of successful fertilization that are found in organisms that use external fertilization.
8. List and describe the various methods of parental care by animals.
9. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each part of the reproductive systems of an insect and a platyhelminth.
10. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each component of the reproductive system of the human male.
11. Using a diagram, identify and give the function of each component of the human female reproductive system.
12. Discuss the hormonal control of reproduction in male mammals.
13. Explain the differences between menstrual cycles and estrous cycles.
14. Discuss the hormonal control of reproduction in female mammals.
15. Explain how the menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle are synchronized in female mammals.
16. Describe spermatogenesis.
17. Describe oogenesis.
18. Compare and contrast oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
19. Describe the hormonal changes which occur at puberty in humans.
20. Describe the four phases of the sexual response cycle.
21. Describe the changes which occur in the developing embryo and the mother during each trimester of a human pregnancy.
22. Describe the hormonal control of a pregnancy in a human female.
23. Explain the possible mechanisms which prevent the mother's immune system from rejecting the developing embryo.
24. List the various methods of contraception and explain how they work.
25. Explain how technological advancements are used to study human reproductive problems.

KEY TERMS
acrosome
asexual reproduction
baculum
barrier methods
Bartholin's glands
blastocyst
budding
bulbourethral glands
cervix
cleavage
clitoris
cloaca
coitus
conception
condom
contraception
corpus luteum
ejaculation
ejaculatory duct
embryos
endometrium
epididymis
estrous cycles
estrus
external fertilization
fertilization
fetus
fission
follicles
follicular phase
fragmentation
gametes
gemmules
glans penis
gonads
hermaphroditism
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
hymen
in vitro fertilization
internal fertilization
labia majora
labia minora
labor
lactation
Leydig cells
luteal phase
mammary glands
menopause
menstrual cycle
menstrual flow phase
menstruation
myotonia
natural family planning
oogenesis
organogenesis
orgasm
ovarian cycle
ovaries
oviduct
ovulation
ovum
parthenogenesis
parturition
penis
pheromones
placenta
pregnancy (gestation)
prepuce
proliferative phase
prostate gland
protandrous
protogynous
regeneration
rhythm method
scrotum
secretory phase
semen
seminal vesicles
seminiferous tubules
sequential hermaphroditism
sexual reproduction
spermatheca
spermatogenesis
spermatozoon
testes
trimesters
tubal ligation
urethra
uterus
vagina
vas deferens
vasectomy
vasocongestion
vestibule
zygote