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ELECTRONIC ACTIVITIES (IOSU: In Order of Speed and Usefulness)
    1. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM Quiz (or Campbell web site http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter47/deluxe.html)
    2. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM
        A. 47.1 Sea Urchin Development Video
        B. 47.2 Frog Development Video
    3. Biology Place "TestFlight" customized chapter quiz.
    4. Campbell (http://www.biology.com/campbell) Web Destinations (http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter47/deluxe.html)
    5. Biology Place (http://www.biology.com/home/home.html) Select Chapter 47 then click go to search for current activities.

OUTLINE
I. The Stages of Early Embryonic Development
    A. From egg to organism, an animal's form develops gradually: the concept of epigenesis
    B. Fertilization activates the egg and brings together the nuclei of sperm and egg
    C. Cleavage partitions the zygote into many smaller cells
    D. Gastrulation rearranges the blastula to form a three-layered embryo with a primitive gut
    E. In organogenesis, the organs of the animal body from the three embryonic germ layers
    F. Amniote embryos develop in a fluid-filled sac within a shell or uterus
II. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Morphogenesis and Differentiation
    A. Morphogenesis in animals involves specific changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion
    B. The developmental fate of cells depends on cytoplasmic determinants and cell-cell induction: a review
    C. Fate mapping can reveal cell geneologies in chordate embryos
    D. The eggs of vertebrates contain cytoplasmic determinants that help establish the body axes and differences among cells of the early embryo
    E. Inductive signals drive differentiation and pattern formation in vertebrates

OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you should be able to:
1. List the two functions of fertilization.
2. Describe the acrosomal reaction, and explain how it ensures the gametes are conspecific.
3. Describe the cortical reaction.
4. Explain how the acrosomal and cortical reactions function sequentially to prevent polyspermy.
5. Describe the changes that occur in an activated egg and explain the importance of cytoplasmic materials to egg activation.
6. Explain the importance of embryo polarity during cleavage.
7. Describe the process of gastrulation and explain its importance.
8. List adult structures derived from each of the primary tissue layers.
9. Using diagrams, identify the various stages of embryonic development of an amphibian.
10. Distinguish between meroblastic cleavage and holoblastic cleavage.
11. List and explain the functions of the extraembryonic membranes in bird and reptile eggs.
12. Compare and contrast development in birds and mammals.
13. Explain the relationships among polarity, cytoplasmic determinants, and development.
14. Describe how cell extension, contraction and adhesion are involved in shaping the embryo.
15. Explain how interactions among the three primary tissue layers influence organogenesis.
16. Explain the relationship between cytoplasmic cues and cell determination.
17. Describe the importance of cell location and orientation along the three body axes with respect to polarity in the embryo, morphogenetic movements, and pattern formation.
18. Explain how positional cues influence pattern formation.

KEY TERMS
acrosomal reaction
allantois
amnion
amniotes
animal pole
apical epidermal ridge (AER)
archenteron
blastocoel
blastocyst
blastodisc
blastomeres
blastopore
blastula
cadherins
cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
chorion
cleavage
convergent extension
cortical granules
cortical reaction
dorsal lip
ectoderm
endoderm
epigenesis
extraembryonic membranes
fast block to polyspermy
fate map
fertilization membrane
gastrula
gastrulation
gray crescent
holoblastic cleavage
inner cell mass
invagination
involution
meroblastic cleavage
mesoderm
morula
neural tube
notochord
organogenesis
pattern formation
positional information
preformation
primitive streak
slow block to polyspermy
somites
trophoblast
vegetal pole
yolk
yolk plug
yolk sac
zona pellucida
zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)