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ELECTRONIC ACTIVITIES (IOSU: In Order of Speed and Usefulness)
    1. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM Quiz (or Campbell web site http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter48/deluxe.html)
    2. "Interactive Study Partner" CD ROM
        A. 48.1 Neuron Structure
        B. 48.2 Nerve Impulses: Action Potentials
        C. 48.3 Signal Transmission at a Synapse
    3. Biology Place "TestFlight" customized chapter quiz.
    4. Campbell (http://www.biology.com/campbell) Web Destinations (http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/campbell_awl/chapter48/deluxe.html)
    5. Biology Place (http://www.biology.com/home/home.html) Select Chapter 48 then click go to search for current activities.

OUTLINE
I. An Overview of Nervous Systems
    A. Nervous systems perform the three overlapping functions of sensory input, integration, and motor output
    B. The nervous system is composed of neurons and supporting cells
II. The Nature of Neural Signals
    A. Membrane potentials arise from differences in ion concentration between a cell's contents and the extracellular fluid
    B. An action potential is an all-or-none change in the membrane potential
    C. Action potentials "travel" along an axon because they are self-propagating
    D. Chemical or electrical communication between cells occurs at synapses
    E. Neural integration occurs at the cellular level
    F. The same neurotransmitter can produce different effects on different types of cells
III. Organization of Nervous Systems
    A. Nervous system organization tends to correlate with body symmetry
    B. Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized and cephalized
    C. The vertebrate PNS has several components differing in organization and function
IV. Structure and Function of the Vertebrate Brain
    A. The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the spinal cord
    B. The brain stem conducts data and controls automatic activities essential for survival
    C. The cerebellum controls movement and balance
    D. The thalamus and hypothalamus are prominent integrating centers of the diencephalon
    E. The cerebrum contains the most sophisticated integrating centers
    F. The human brain is a major research frontier

OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter and attending lecture, you should be able to:
1. Compare the two coordinating systems in animals.
2. Describe the three major functions of the nervous system.
3. List and describe the three major parts of a neuron, and explain the function of each.
4. Explain how neurons can be classified by function.
5. Describe the function and location of each type of supporting cell.
6. Explain what a resting potential is, and list four factors that contribute to the maintenance of the resting potential.
7. Define equilibrium potential, and explain why the K+ equilibrium potential is more negative than the resting potential.
8. Define graded potential, and explain how it is different from a resting potential or action potential.
9. Describe the characteristics of an action potential, and explain the role membrane permeability changes and ion gates play in the generation of an action potential.
10. Explain how the action potential is propagated along a neuron.
11. Describe two ways to increase the effectiveness of nerve transmission.
12. Describe synaptic transmission across an electrical synapse and a chemical synapse.
13. Describe the role of cholinesterase, and explain what would happen if acetylcholine was not destroyed.
14. List some other possible neurotransmitters.
15. Define neuromodulator, and describe how it may affect nerve transmission.
16. Explain how excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) affect the postsynaptic membrane potential.
17. Explain how a neuron integrates incoming information, including a description of summation.
18. List three criteria for a compound to be considered a neurotransmitter.
19. List two classes of neuropeptides, and explain how they illustrate overlap between endocrine and nervous control.
20. Describe two mechanisms by which a neurotransmitter affects the postsynaptic cell.
21. Diagram or describe the three major patterns of neural circuits.
22. Compare and contrast the nervous systems of the following invertebrates and explain how variation in design and complexity correlate with phylogeny, natural history, and habitat:
    a. Hydra
    b. Jellyfish, ctenophores, and echinoderms
    c. Flatworms
    d. Annelids and arthropods
    e. Mollusks
23. Outline the divisions of the vertebrate nervous system.
24. Distinguish between sensory (afferent) nerves and motor (efferent) nerves.
25. Define reflex and describe the pathway of a simple spinal reflex.
26. Distinguish between the functions of the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system.
27. List the major components of the central nervous system.
28. Distinguish between white matter and gray matter.
29. Describe three major trends in the evolution of the vertebrate brain.
30. From a diagram, identify and describe the functions of the major structures of the human brain:
    a. Medulla oblongata
    b. Pons
    c. Cerebellum
    d. Superior and inferior colliculi
    e. Telencephalon
    f. Diencephalon
    g. Thalamus
    h. Hypothalamus
    i. Cerebral cortex
    j. Corpus callosum
31. Explain how electrical activity of the brain can be measured, and distinguish among alpha, beta, theta, and delta waves.
32. Describe the sleep-wakefulness cycle, the associated EEG changes, and the parts of the brain that control sleep and arousal.
33. Define lateralization and describe the role of the corpus callosum.
34. Distinguish between short-term and long-term memory.
35. Using a flowchart, outline a possible memory pathway in the brain.

KEY TERMS
action potential
amygdala
aspartate
autonomic nervous system
axons
basal nuclei
biogenic amines
blood-brain barrier
brain stem
cell body
central canal
central nervous system (CNS)
cephalization
cerebellum
cerebral cortex
cerebral hemispheres
cerebrospinal fluid
choroid plexus
consciousness
corpus callosum
cranial nerves
dendrites
depolarization
diencephalon
dopamine
effector cells
electroencephalogram (EEG)
endorphins
epinephrine
epithalamus
excitable cells
excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
forebrain
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
ganglion (pl., ganglia)
gated ion channels
glutamate
glycine
graded potentials
gray matter
hindbrain
hippocampus
hyperpolarization
hypothalamus
inferior colliculi
inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
interneurons
limbic system
long-term depression
long-term memory
long-term-potentiation
medulla oblongata
membrane potential
meninges
mesencephalon
metencephalon
midbrain
motor division
motor neurons
myelin sheath
myencephalon
nerve cord
nerve net
nerves
neurons
neuropeptides
neurotransmitter
norepinephrine
nuclei
oligodendrocytes
parasympathetic division
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
pons
postsynaptic cell
postsynaptic membrane
presynaptic cell
presynaptic membrane
reflex
refractory period
resting potential
reticular formation
saltatory conduction
Schwann cells
sensory division
sensory neurons
serotonin
short-term memory
somatic nervous system
spinal nerves
substance P
summation
superior colliculi
supporting cells (glia)
suprachiasmatic nuclei
sympathetic division
synapse
synaptic cleft
synaptic terminals
synaptic vesicles
telencephalon
thalamus
threshold potential
ventricles
voltage-gated ion channels
white matter