Copyright © 1999 by The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.
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CD ROM
A. 49.1
Human Skeleton
B. 49.2
Skeletal Muscle Structure
C. 49.3
Muscle Contraction
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OUTLINE
V. Movement and Locomotion
A. Locomotion requires energy to overcome
friction and gravity
B. Skeletons support and protect the
animal body and are essential to movement
C. Muscles move skeletal parts by
contracting
D. Interactions between myosin and
actin underlie muscle contractions
E. Calcium ions and regulatory proteins
control muscle contraction
F. Diverse body movements require
variation in muscle activity
OBJECTIVES
16. List any advantages or disadvantages associated with
moving through a(n):
a. Aquatic environment
b. Terrestrial environment
17. Give the three functions of a skeleton.
18. Describe how hydrostatic skeletons function, and
explain why they are not found in large terrestrial organisms.
19. Explain how the structure of the arthropod exoskeleton
provides both strength and flexibility.
20. Explain the adaptive advantage of having different
types of joints in different locations in the vertebrate skeleton.
21. Explain how the skeleton combines with an antagonistic
muscle arrangement to provide a mechanism for movement.
22. Using a diagram, identify the basic components of
skeletal muscle.
23. Explain how muscles contract according to the sliding
filament model of contraction.
24. Describe the processes involved in excitation-contraction
coupling.
25. List and explain the two mechanisms responsible for
graded contraction of muscles.
26. Explain the adaptive advantage of possessing both
slow and fast muscle fibers.
27. Distinguish among skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle,
and smooth muscle.
KEY TERMS
A band
cardiac muscle
chitin
creatine phosphate
cross-bridge
cuticle
endoskeleton
exoskeleton
fast muscle fiber
H zone
hydrostatic skeleton
I band
intercalated discs
locomotion
motor unit
myofibrils
myofilaments
peristalsis
phosphagens
recruitment
sarcomere
sarcoplasmic reticulum
skeletal muscle
slow muscle fiber
smooth muscle
T (transverse) tubules
tetanus
thick filaments
thin filaments
tropomyosin
troponin complex
Z lines