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PREVIEW OF LECTURE EXAM # 1, PHYSIOLOGY 03028, SPRING 2000

W. Crone (303 FTZ, 629-7439, cronewil@hvcc.edu, http://www.hvcc.edu/academ/faculty/crone/index.html)

WEEK 6: THURSDAY, FEBRUARY 2/24/00 (NOTE NEW DATE), 7:50 - 9:50 AM. Bring #2 pencils.

(If HVCC is closed that day, the test will be given on Thursday 3/2/00 of week 7)

This first lecture exam will cover the lecture/text material for weeks 1-5 (to complete through the cardiovascular system, or as much of it as we're going to get to in Physiology). It will be based on lectures discussed/touched on in lecture, although your understanding should be enhanced by your readings in the texts. Note that you will have two hours--given that Microbiology 03024 follows at 10 AM, you won't have"open-ended" time to finish the test!

Format:

The essays will target situations that are worth additional study, as indicated in the course outline. I've listed them again below. Rest assured that each will be either in an essay and/or at least one multiple choice question. Be particularly prepared to address"case studies" from Michael and Rovick, van Wysberghe and Cooley, and Cormack that are applicable but not covered in the recitation sections (as you probably noticed during the Anatomy tests!).

Week 1: Introduction, Review of Cell Biology, Review of Hematology Stem Lines

• Define homeostasis and explain ways of how it is achieved.
• Localize biochemical pathways and their functions within cells and organelles.
• Characterize the structure and function of cell organelles, and correlate alterations in changes in structure and function to pathophysiological changes.
• Name and describe major formed blood elements.
• Describe the stem line derivation of these formed elements and their alteration during common pathophysiologic situations.

• Review the makeup of a typical biological membrane.
• Describe diffusion, its physical basis, and explain how different molecules cross biological membranes.
• Define an equilibrium potential, a resting membrane potential, and discuss how these are produced.
• Describe the function of a sodium (Na⁺/K⁺) pump and its role in active transport and in maintenance of a resting membrane potential.
• Describe the microscopic appearances of skeletal vs. cardiac. vs. smooth muscle.
• Compare the functions and physiology of skeletal muscle to those of smooth and cardiac muscle.
• Define the functioning units of involved in sliding filament contraction.
• Correlate the roles of ATP and Ca²⁺ in muscle contraction with pathophysiologic changes in all three muscle types.
• Draw, label, and describe the normal and altered functions of the cardiac muscle action potential, compared to that seen in other muscle types.

• Describe the structure of a neuron and highlight the functional significance of its principal regions.
• Diagram, label, and define an action potential, including the ionic changes that occur with depolarization, hyperpolarization, and repolarization.
• Define neurotransmitters, diagram their function, and explain their activities at the synapse.
• Explain the features of an ion channel and how neurotransmitters affect their operation.
• Describe the structure and function of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous systems.

• Define the antagonistic, complementary, and cooperative effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation on different organs.
• Distinguish among the major different types of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors, their locations, their functions, and their interactions with major classes of pharmacologic agents.

• Describe the major components of the cardiovascular system and their general function.
• Diagram the normal path of blood flow through the heart, the functions of the different chambers and valves, and correlate changes in valve and/or chamber function with their pathophysiology.
• Describe the structures and pathway of electrical impulse conduction in the heart. Correlate alterations in these structures and pathways with their pathophysiology and clinical presentation.
• Understand the concepts underlying electrocardiograms (EKGs) and be able to explain the basis for the EKG appearance of commonly encountered disorders.
• Describe and distinguish among arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, and lymphatic vessels in their structures and normal function.
• Calculate cardiac output from measurable variables. Define cardiac output and explain its regulation from the Frank-Starling relationship and other influences.
• Define total peripheral resistance, and explain how vascular resistance and blood pressure are measured and regulated.
• Explain the roles of substance such as aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, renin, angiotensin, and atrial natriuretic peptide in the regulation of blood volume and pressure.
• Correlate clinical conditions such as congestive heart failure, shock, and hypertension with their underlying pathophysiology.
• Highlight the distinguishing characteristics of specialized circulations such as cerebral, cutaneous, hepatic, and muscular.

Even more so than in Anatomy 03048, I intend to have the multiple choice questions to be thought-provoking and"problem-solving." If you know the material at the level of we're discussing it during lecture and recitation, you should be able to answer them. Examples from a previous year's test follow, with the answers at the bottom of the next page.

1. Which statement about membrane phospholipids is true?

A. A phospholipid contains cholesterol.

B. Phospholipids move rapidly in the plane of the bilayer.

C. Specific phospholipids are always present in equal proportions in the two halves of the bilayer.

D. Phospholipids form ion channels through the membrane.

2. The osmotic flow of water across a membrane will decrease if there is a decrease in:

A. the permeability of the membrane to the particles in solution.

B. the particle's concentration difference across the membrane.

C. both

D. neither

3. In a normal person, which chamber/region should have the lowest overall pressure during the cardiac cycle?

A. left ventricle

B. right ventricle

C. left atrium

D. right atrium

E. pulmonary artery

4. An EKG reveals no P waves in any lead. This would indicate that impulses from which one of the following structures are being blocked?

A. sinoatrial (SA) node

B. bundle of His

C. Purkinje fibers

D. left bundle branch

E. ventricular muscle

5. The following values were recorded in an experiment:

capillary hydrostatic pressure: 25 mm Hg

capillary oncotic pressure: 30 mm Hg

tissue hydrostatic pressure: 3 mm Hg

tissue oncotic pressure: 10 mm Hg

The net forces favor:

A. filtration by 2 mm Hg

B. reabsorption by 2 mm Hg

C. filtration by 12 mm Hg

D. reabsorption by 12 mm Hg

E. filtration by 42 mm Hg

6. An adult male is seen in the clinic with the following findings:

cardiac output: 5 L/min

blood pressure: 200/120

heart rate: 80 bpm

plasma catecholamines: normal

plasma angiotensin: normal

blood volume: 5 L

total peripheral resistance: increased

From the above data, one can conlude that the patient is:

A. hypertensive due to excessive cardiac activity

B. suffering from essential hypertension (i.e., of unknown origin)

C. in hypotension of renal origin

D. hypertensive as a result of excessive adrenomedullary secretion

E. suffering from hypertension of neural origin

answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A, 5-A, 6-B

|main page| |background| |03028: Physiology| |03048: Anatomy|

|03050: Invertebrate Zoology| |03051: Vertebrate Zoology| |03074: Economic Botany|

Please send comments and questions to: cronewil@hvcc.edu

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