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MCB 229 Spring 2000 Study Guide 3 Prof. Terry
Covers Lecture for Feb. 8

This study guide is intended for you to use while you are doing the assigned text reading. Quiz questions will be made with reference to topics in this study guide. Quiz #3, based on questions from this study guide, must be completed by midnight before the class on Tuesday, Feb. 8. You will need to create your "myWebCT" account and visit the MCB 229 WebCT page in order to access this quiz.

Chapter 4
  1. Chapter 4 has considerably more detail about eucaryotic cell function than we need to know for this course. I will not hold you accountable for factual information except as indicated by the questions below. In other words, if you can answer the questions below you're all set!
  2. What are organelles? Which common eukaryotic organelles are membrane-bounded? Which are not membrane-bounded?
  3. What is (are) the major function(s) of each of the following: nucleus, nucleolus, lysosomes, mitochondria, ribosomes, cilia, chloroplast, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, flagella?
  4. Don't worry about details of microfilaments, microtubules, or intermediate filaments (pp. 75-76). It is sufficient to know that these 3 different fibers are the components of the cytoskeleton.
  5. What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER? What happens to proteins synthesized on rER?
  6. How can you recognize the Golgi apparatus (look at Fig. 4.8, and compare it to Fig. 4.7)? How many cisternae make up a typical Golgi apparatus? Is there any evidence of polarity in this organelle? How does the cis-face differ from the trans-face?
  7. What does the Golgi apparatus do?
  8. Lysosomes are very important cell structures for eucaryotes. What do they contain? Under what conditions do these contents work best (hint: think pH).
  9. What distinguishes endocytosis, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis? What is an endosome and how does it arise? When a lysosome fuses with a phagosome, the result can be called a secondary lysosome (your text; see Fig. 4.9) or a phagolysosome.
  10. Are lysosomal enzymes released to the cytoplasm? Why or why not?
  11. What is the pathway by which materials move through the various membrane compartments of a eucaryote (see Fig. 4.10)? This system is often called the "endomembrane system". Your text mentions another name, "vacuome", which is not as commonly used.
  12. What is the S-value of a eucaryotic ribosome? What is the value of the 2 subunits? Do 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits combine to yield a 70S or 80S ribosome?
  13. What do mitochondria do? Relative to bacterial cell size, how do mitochondria compare? Do bacteria have mitochondria? How many mitochondria are found in cells (note the range!)?
  14. How many membranes surround a mitochondrion? Are there any other organelles with this number of membranes? How are new mitochondria produced?
  15. What do chloroplasts do?
  16. What does the endosymbiotic theory suggest? What types of evidence support this hypothesis?
  17. What is the relation between chromatin and chromosome? What occurs in the nucleolus?
  18. You don't need to know the stages of mitosis or meiosis. About the only bits of information you need to know for this course (pp. 85-87) are that eucaryotes divide by mitosis, during which multiple chromosomes condense and are separated to give two cells with identical copies of the parent cell chromosomes. Also know that meiosis proceeds in 2 stages to produce non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as in the parent cell.
  19. Skim "External Cell Coverings" on pp. 87-89. No quiz questions.
  20. About cilia and flagella, be able to recognize their internal ultrastructure (see Fig. 4.26). Your text isn't very clear about the mechanism of motion, which is sometimes called "dynein walking". Dynein is a motor protein attached to the microtubules inside cilia and flagella. Using ATP energy, a dynein protein moves unidirectionally along a microtubule, forming new links further along and causing adjacent microtubules to move relative to each other. This motion imparts a twisting motion to the entire cilium or flagellum. How is this different from the mechanism for bacterial flagellar motility?
  21. Read through Table 4.2. It summarizes in one convenient place the major differences between procaryotes and eucaryotes.


Chapter 25 (p. 523-530; skim rest)
  1. Don't panic! This chapter has lots of detail, but I really only want you to know the "basics" about terminology, lifestyle, and anatomy of the fungi. Read to answer the following questions and you're all set for the quiz.
  2. The scientific study of fungi is called ________ . Fugal diseases in animals are called __________ .
  3. The eucaryotic cell that has been most thoroughly studied and is currently best understood is ____________ .
  4. Fungal cells have walls made of ___________ , a polymer whose basic building block is the sugar ___________.
  5. How do yeasts differ from molds? What is meant by the following terms: hypha, mycelium, coenocytic, septa?
  6. What is meant by the term dimorphic? What is the YM shift? In what environment do you find the Y versus the M form?
  7. What is a saprophyte?
  8. Are fungi as a rule aerobic, anaerobic, or equally good in both environments?
  9. Starting on page 528 there is lots of terminology regarding types of spore-bearing structures. I will not test you on this terminology, with the brief exception noted below. But before you close the chapter, please do spend a moment looking at Figure 25.7. Note the variety of ways in which spores can be produced. Note especially the two types we will observe in lab: sporangiospores and conidiospores. Be able to identify these two structures.
  10. No quiz questions, but skim the rest of the chapter just to get a sense of what's here (who know, you may need to access this information at some point). Note that different taxonomic groups are identified based on differences in sexual reproduction. Note the variety of forms in the photos.